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building business models around instant credit decisions.

Their algorithms assess creditworthiness without traditional checks, powering the explosion in Buy Now Pay Later( BNPL) services.

Robo-advisors represent another disruption entirely. Betterment and Wealthsimple use predictive models to manage investment portfolios, automatically adjusting holdings based on market conditions and individual risk tolerance.

Sophisticated strategies once reserved for wealthy clients are now available to anyone with a smartphone, democratising financial advice through algorithmic intelligence.